Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Melbourne
Article History
Received: 13 November 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 7 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The data used in this study were drawn from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS), a nationally representative longitudinal survey conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. The CFPS project has received ethical approval from the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Committee (Approval Number: IRB00001052-14010).
: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethicalstandards.
: Informed consent was obtained from both the adolescents and their parents.
: The authors declare no competing interests.