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Authors
Joosten, Daniek H. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-3481
van der Ploeg, Rozemarijn
Cillessen, Antonius H. N.
Castro, Bram O. de
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Article History
Received: 23 March 2026
Accepted: 16 May 2026
First Online: 30 May 2026
Declarations
Ethical Approval: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Amsterdam and the Internal Ethics Committee of the University of Amsterdam. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.
Informed Consent: Active informed consent was obtained from schools and teachers. For students, passive informed consent was used. Passive consent was considered appropriate because the assessment of bullying and social safety was part of the mandatory annual social safety monitoring required in all Dutch primary schools. Consequently, participation did not impose an additional burden beyond regular school procedures. Parents were informed about the study in advance and were given the opportunity to decline their child’s participation.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
