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Authors
Raabe, Isabel J.
Steinmann, Isa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2025
Accepted: 26 June 2026
First Online: 14 August 2026
Declarations
Ethical Approval: Ethical approval for the CILS4EU data collection was obtained by the original study team from the competent national ethics boards in all four countries. The authors conducted only secondary analyses of anonymised data.
Informed Consent: Informed consent for participation was obtained by the original CILS4EU research team from schools, parents, and students in accordance with national regulations. No new data involving human participants were collected by the authors.
Declaration of Generative AI and AI assisted Technologies in the Writing Process: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT 5 for language support, including grammar and paraphrasing. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
