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School Relational Cohesion, Gender-inequitable Attitudes, and Bullying Perpetration Across 15 Education Systems: Less Bullying Overall Without a Weaker Attitude-behavior Link

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-026-02416-8

Published Online: 2026-09-24

Published Print: 2026-10

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Song, Boxuan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8557-7081
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-09-24

Version of Record valid from 2026-09-24
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Article History

Received: 21 July 2026

Accepted: 7 September 2026

First Online: 24 September 2026

Declarations

Ethical Approval: This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Survey on Social and Emotional Skills 2023, released for research use, and therefore did not require review by an institutional ethics committee.

Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from participants and, where applicable, their parents or guardians by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and its national partners at the time of the original data collection.

Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process: This work was produced without the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies.

Conflicts of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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