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Article History

Received: 20 February 2026

Accepted: 19 May 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declaration

:

: There is no ethical approval needed for this article.

: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest or competing interest in this article.

: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Usage and Ethical Compliance Statement The authors hereby declare that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools were used to produce, interpret, manipulate, or generate any scientific data, experimental results, numerical analysis, or conceptual conclusions presented in this manuscript. All experimental procedures, observations, data analyses, scientific interpretations, and theoretical evaluations were entirely conducted and validated by the authors in accordance with accepted academic and research integrity standards. A large-language-model assistant (ChatGPT) was employed solely for auxiliary purposes, including:• Linguistic refinement,• Clarity enhancement,• Structural editing of paragraphs,• Technical formatting of references, and• Correction of citation order and document coherence. No part of the scientific content, research design, hypotheses, or conclusions was generated by AI. The authors retained full intellectual control and responsibility over the manuscript at every stage. This declaration is made in accordance with the ethical guidelines of:• COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics),• Elsevier AI Policy (2023),• Wiley Author Guidelines for AI Tools (2023),• Springer Nature AI Disclosure Standards (2023), and• institutional research integrity frameworks. The authors acknowledge that they are solely accountable for the accuracy, validity, and originality of the manuscript’s scientific content.