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Authors
Zhenzhen, Wang https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0916-8639
Chunming, Ouyang
Zhihui, Feng
Yongcun, Ma
Shusen, Peng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1918-1150
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Article History
Received: 18 July 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study involves no human or animal subjects and does not require ethical review under the journal’s guidelines. The AA2024-T3 alloy used is a standard industrial material, and all experiments comply with international safety protocols for chemical handling (e.g., γ-GPS, zirconia sols).
