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Authors
Rusly, Siti Nor Ain
Jamal, Siti Hasnawati
Samsuri, Alinda
Noor, Siti Aminah Mohd
Latif, Nur Shazwani Abdul
Rahim, Khoirul Solehah Abdul
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Defence University of Malaysia (Geran Penyelidikan Pasca Doktoral dan Pascasiswazah (UPNM/2023/GPPP/SG/3))
Ministry of Higher Education (IMaP/2/2024/STG05/UPNM//1)
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors would like to declare that we have no conflicts of interest or financial interests that could potentially influence the objectivity of the research presented in this manuscript.
