Za’im, Syarifah Iliya Nor
Mohamad, Mamduhah
Basir, Nurul Fatimah Abdul
Johan, Mohd Rafie
Ghaffari Khaligh, Nader https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9585-9253
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, for niche area research under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program (JPT(BKPI)1000/016/018/28 Jld.3(2) & NANOCAT-2024A)
Institut Pengurusan dan Pemantauan Penyelidikan, Universiti Malaya (LL2025JNZ025)
Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest in the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.