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Article History

Received: 4 April 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 28 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: All procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences (No. 24–1). Male mice (10–22 weeks old) were fed water and food ad libitum and housed in a thermally controlled room at 22–26 °C with a 12-h light/dark cycle. Muscles were excised under anesthesia using an intraperitoneal injection of mixed anesthetic agents (0.4 mg/kg body wt medetomidine, 2.0 mg/kg body wt midazolam, and 2.5 mg/kg body wt butorphanol) (Kawai et al. ). At the end of experiments, mice were euthanized with an overdose of isoflurane.