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Authors
Carter, Matt I. D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-6254
Aarts, Geert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3196-4235
Brasseur, Sophie M. J. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9245-6990
Hastie, Gordon D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-2755
Moss, Simon E. W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5378-7773
Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0716-9525
Teilmann, Jonas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4376-4700
Thompson, Dave https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1546-2876
Thompson, Paul M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6195-3284
Vincent, Cécile https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-0757
Russell, Debbie J. F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-102X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/T010614/1)
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/Y006194/1)
Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
Natural Environment Research Council,United Kingdom (NE/R015007/1)
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 27 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All capture and handling of seals, and other licenced procedures in the UK were carried out under UK Home Office project licence PF84B63DE (and previous iterations: 60/2589, 60/3303, 60/4009 and 70/7806) under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, with specific licences from the Scottish Government Marine Directorate and the Marine Management Organisation. In France, work was conducted under licence from the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, with project-specific approvals from the Ministère de la Transition Ecologique. In the Netherlands, work was conducted after approval by national ethical committees (the Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Science (KNAW) and Wageningen University & Research (WUR)). Appropriate site-specific approvals were obtained, with any associated mitigation measures observed for designated sites. The work was approved by the University of St Andrews Animal Welfare and Ethics Review Body.
