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Article History

Accepted: 31 May 2025

First Online: 19 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no potential conflicts.

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of X University and X Hospital. For the other 2 participating hospitals that did not maintain independent ethics committees due to their smaller size, official administrative authorization for data collection was obtained from the hospital authorities. Mothers were informed about the purpose, methods, and data collection procedures of this study, as well as their right to withdraw at any time. Each mother signed an informed consent form before participating in this study.

: All participants signed informed consent forms before taking part in the study.