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Authors
Guad, Rhanye Mac
Aung, Yin Nwe
Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W.
Silvester, Carlos
Sim, Maw Shin
Gee, Lee Heng
Seng, Wu Yuan
Sekaran, Shamala Devi
Azizan, Nornazirah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval was obtained from Ministry of Health Malaysia National Medical Research Registry (NMRR) [NMRR-18-1556—42651(IIR)], Sabah State Health Department ([(53) dlm.JKN(SB)100 − 13], director of selected hospitals and clinics and Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) human ethics committee [JKEtika 3/18 (2)] prior to the initiation of this study.
: A written informed consent was also obtained from study participants in the study before blood sample collection.
