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A comprehensive review on fragile and semi-fragile based watermarking systems for content authentication and tamper detection applications: Open issues, challenges and future directions

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21290-x

Published Online: 2026-02-25

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

P, Aberna

L, Agilandeeswari https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6147-9535
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-02-25

Version of Record valid from 2026-02-25
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Article History

Received: 22 June 2024

Revised: 6 September 2025

Accepted: 23 September 2025

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animals; hence, ethical approval was not required.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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