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Authors
Arif, Syed Muhammad Umair https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4168-4153
Khan, Khalil
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Revised: 18 January 2026
Accepted: 26 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee (IREC) of Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.
: Not applicable – the study reports only anonymized, aggregate questionnaire and reaction-time data; no identifiable personal data (e.g., images, audio, or video) were collected.
