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Article History

Received: 8 October 2018

Accepted: 5 December 2018

First Online: 7 December 2018

Compliance with ethical standards

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: Alexandre Demoule has signed research contracts with Covidien, Maquet, Philips and Ait Liquide Santé; he has also received personal fees from Covidien, Maquet and MSD. Ahmed Idbaih reports research funding from La Fondation ARC pour la recherche sur le Cancer, Carthera, Beta-Innov, and Intselchimos; travel funding from Hoffmann-La Roche; and personal fees from Novartis, La Lettre du Cancérologue, BMS, and Cipla unrelated to the submitted work. Nicolas Weiss has signed research contracts with Eumedica, BMS, MedDay pharmaceuticals; he has also received personal fees from Norgine and Alpha-Wasserman. Thomas Similowski has received grant research from Coviden, Philips, Pierre Fabre Médicaments, Air Liquide Medical Systems; he has also received personal fees from Takeda, Teva Pharma, Lungpacer Inc, Almirall France, Pierre Fabre Médicaments, Novartis, Mundipharma, Invacare, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline. Hélène Prodanovic, Khê Hoang-Xuan, Clémence Marois, Isabelle Rivals, Marie Cantier, Léa Lemasle and Maxens Decavèle all declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: According to the French Public Health Code (L.1121-1 paragraph 1 and R1121-2,), informed consent is unnecessary for anonymous extraction and analysis of data from patients’ medical charts. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Intensive Care Society.