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Authors
An, Xu
Wang, Junhua
Yuan, Jingzhe
Zhou, Xuan
Liu, Xiaozhu
Sun, Xiaoyan
Gong, Jian
Wu, Qingnan
Ou, Yunwei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82327806)
The Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center (21KT013)
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Article History
Received: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (Date May 17, 2022/No. KY2022—067—01). The Ethical Review Committee of Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital approved the study design of the external test cohorts (Date March 7, 2023/ No. 2023029).
: All patients or legal guardians provided written informed consent to participate in this study.
: All patients or legal guardians provided written informed consent to publish their data.
