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Authors
Gonzalez-Aponte, Maria F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-312X
Huang, Yitong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-8077
Leidig, William A. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3127-3905
Simon, Tatiana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-8798
Butt, Omar H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2252-3673
Ruben, Marc D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-0238
Kim, Albert H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1751-8493
Rubin, Joshua B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-1937
Herzog, Erik D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-5174
Walch, Olivia J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7881-6910
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (T32NS121881-01)
National Institutes of Health (NINDS R01NS128470)
National Institutes of Health (NINDS R21NS120003)
National Science Foundation (DMS 2436232)
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: All retrospective analyses performed with human data were in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments, and approved by the Washington University in St. Louis institutional review board (IRB). This work did not involve the investigation of human or animal subjects.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Dr. Olivia Walch is the CEO and founder of Arcascope, a circadian rhythms software company. Dr. Albert Kim is a consultant for Monteris Medical and has research funding from Stryker to study a dural substitute, both of which have no direct relation to this study. All other authors declare no competing interests.
