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Article History

Received: 17 August 2025

Accepted: 3 October 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Z.S.: None, T.R.: None, M.J.: None, F.N.A.M: None.Y.O.: Clinical Trial Support: Blue Earth Diagnostics, Cantex Pharmaceuticals, Carthera, Chimerix, CNS Pharmaceuticals, Exelixis, MimiVax LLC, Merck, Novocure, VBI Vaccines. Data & Safety Monitoring Board: GammaTile, Consultant, PharPoint Research, Klick, Chimerix, WebMD. Advisory Board: Modify Bio: Chimerix.V.A.V.: Research Grant from Karyopharm, Mimivax, Servier, Ono therapeutics, Curis, Novocure, Fore Therapeutics.M.S.A.: M.S.A. has received consulting fees from Bayer, Xoft, Apollomics, Viewray, Cairn Therapeutics, Anheart Therapeutics, Theraguix, Menarini Ricerche, Sumitomo Pharma Oncology, Autem Therapeutics, GT Medical Technologies, Allovir, EquilliumBio, QV Bioelectronics, Servier Pharmaceuticals, Incyte, and Recordati. He has served on a Data Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC) for VBI Vaccines and on the Scientific Advisory Board for Modifibiosciences and Bugworks. M.S.A. is a shareholder in Mimivax, MedInnovate Advisors LLC, Live AI and Trisalus Life Sciences. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript writing, or the decision to publish the results.