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Authors
Luo, Shilan
Liu, Rufei
Li, Peng
Tu, Hongbin
Lu, Shuangqing
Pang, Jingdan
Meng, Lu
Huang, Litang
Wang, Yingying
Chen, Dawei
Gong, Xiaomei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3043-9562
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82473378)
the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Research-Oriented Physician Talent Program (LYRC202407)
Tongji University Medicine-X Interdisciplinary Research Initiative (TJ-FK-YXJC022)
Shanghai Talents Development Fund Project (2021071)
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Seed Funding Program for Research and Translation of New Medical Technologies (2025ZZ2011)
Clinical Research Foundation of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (SKPY2021006)
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. This study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB) Committee. This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes. We consulted extensively with the IRB of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital who determined that our study did not need informed consent. An IRB official waiver of informed consent was granted from the IRB of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (K21-251Z-1).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
