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Authors
Gensler, Ryan
Ahmed, A. Karim
Alfonzo Horowitz, Melanie
Khalifeh, Jawad M.
Li, Marvin
Sadeghipour, Negar
Abdulrahim, Mostafa
Glantz, Mike
Aulakh, Sonikpreet
Nicolaides, Theodore
Lucas, Calixto-Hope G.
Yegnasubramanian, Srinivasan
Rincon-Torroella, Jordina
Bettegowda, Chetan
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Article History
Received: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 25 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable U.S. regulations. This study analyzed retrospective, de-identified human molecular and clinical data. The Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutional Review Board reviewed the protocol and determined it to be exempt (IRB00486453). Informed consent was waived/not required because the study used de-identified retrospective data and involved no direct patient contact or intervention.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
