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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 7 February 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with principles of Good Clinical Practice and approved by the appropriate institutional review board or ethics committee at each site.

: All participants provided written informed consent.

: C.B.: Consulting fees: Rising Tide Foundation, Boxer Capital, Janssen. Honoraria: GSK, AstraZeneca, MSD. Support for attending meetings or travel: MSD, Janssen. Grants: BMS Foundation. Leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group: ESMO/SIOG WG, DIALOG Unicancer GERICO group, SoFOG. P.A.C.: Grants or contracts (paid to institution): Abbvie, ADCT, Adlai-Nortye, Amgen, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Blueprint, C4 Therapeutics, Debio Pharm, Dragonfly, Exelixis, Incyte, Iteos, Janssen, Kinnate, Lilly, Molecular Partners, Novartis, Ose immunotherapeutics, Pierre Fabre, Relay, Roche/Genentech, Sotio, Taiho, Tango, Toray, Turningpoint, Transgene. Consulting fees: Boehringer Ingelheim, Ose Immunotherapeutics, Scenic, Brenus. Support for attending meetings and/or travel: Novartis. Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: BMS. Receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services: Debio Pharm, Novartis, GSK. J.-P.D.: Advisory Board: BMS, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Roche. Invited Speaker: Merck Serono, BMS. Research Grant (to institution): Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Roche-Genentech, Fondation MSD Avenir, Transgene. Expert testimony: MSD, Pierre Fabre. Patents planned, issued or pending: Involved as inventor in several academic patents for my institution. M.S.: Consulting fees: Incyte, BMS/Celgene. Attending meetings and/or travel: Sanofi, Pfizer, Roche. Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board: Sanofi. Participation on an Advisory Board: Incyte, GSK, Servier. M.T.: Consulting fees: Servier, Novocure, Bayer, GSK, Resilience, NH TherAguix. Honoraria: Servier, Novocure, Ono. Research funding: Amgen, Sanofi. L.Y. and A.G.: Employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and own stock in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. J.P.D.: Former employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. A.M.: Research grants to institution: BMS, Fondation MSD Avenir. Consulting fees: Roche, MSD. Honoraria: BMS. Travel support: MSD, AstraZeneca. Data Safety Monitoring Board (unpaid): SPARTO (NCT05210413), BREASTIMMUNE03 (NCT03818685). Leadership role (unpaid): Vice-President, French society for Immunotherapy (FITC). Drug supply for trials: BMS, MSD, Roche. Institution funding for trials: BMS, MSD, Roche, AstraZeneca, Sanofi.