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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: RC received honoraria as a speaker/advisor board for AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Esai, Merck, GSK. AS received honoraria from BrainLAB, Varian Medical Systems, Elekta, AstraZeneca, Seagen, Cerapedics, CarboFix Orthopedics; consulting or advisory role in BrainLAB, Varian Medical Systems, Elekta, research funding from Elekta (Inst), Seagen (Inst); patents, royalties, other intellectual property from Clustering software for Gamma Knife treatment planning (Inst); travel, accommodations, expenses from Elekta, Varian Medical Systems, BrainLAB, Seagen; Leadership role in Elekta, ISRS and other relationship in Elekta, Varian Medical Systems, International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society, BrainLAB, Elekta MRL Consortium, AO Spine. SD received nonfinancial support from Congress of Neurological Surgeons, nonfinancial support from American Association of Neurological Surgeons, grants from Alkerme, and personal fees from Cancer Care Ontario. HJM received honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events with Merk, AstraZeneca, and GlaxoSmithKline. KJJ received honoraria as a speaker/advisor board/consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Apo Biologix, Eli Lilly, Esai, Genomic Health, Gilead Sciences, Knight Therapeutics, Merck, Myriad Genetics Inc, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen, Novartis and received research funding fromAstra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, and Seagen.