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Article History

Received: 2 January 2026

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animals. Only the established human glioblastoma cell lines T98G and U87MG were used in the experiments. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The T98G (ATCC CRL‑1690) and U87MG (ATCC HTB‑14) cell lines were obtained from ATCC and were authenticated and tested for contamination by the provider.

: This study did not involve human participants or human data; therefore, informed consent was not required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.