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Authors
Hapsoro, Cahyo Aji https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-1308
Maulina, Syakira Ghina
Rifai, Mochamad Khoirul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3900-7678
Razi, Pakhrur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0598-2560
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitas Negeri Malang (https://doi.org/10.5.48/UN32.20.1/LT/2023)
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2024
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All analyses and interpretations presented in this study are based solely on academic purposes, without any external influence from commercial, financial, or political entities. The authors have acknowledged and addressed any potential bias that may arise from the data or methodology used, ensuring the integrity of the research findings.
