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Authors
Li, Yue
Shi, Yulong
Yuan, Mingfeng
Wang, Haopeng
Chen, Zengqiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province (2025CXGC010901)
the Ministry of Public Security’s Public Security Theory and Soft Science Project (2022LL27)
the Key Project of Undergraduate Teaching Reform Research in Shandong Province (Z2023060)
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Article History
Received: 3 August 2025
Revised: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.
: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.
