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Article History

Received: 16 March 2024

Revised: 30 April 2025

Accepted: 26 October 2025

First Online: 17 January 2026

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: This study did not involve any human participants, human data, or human tissue. For studies involving animals, this declaration is not applicable.

: Not applicable as this manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form. The co-authors consent to publish this article, including their affiliation and contact information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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: We confirm that we understand journal Optimization and Engineering is a hybrid journal. When research is accepted for publication, there is a choice to publish using either immediate gold open access or the traditional publishing route.