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Authors
Lafferty, Moira E.
Humphreys, Justin
Jackson, Katy
McFarlane, Leigh
Cartwright, Timothy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/W003112/1.)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 16 February 2026
Declarations
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: Non-financial interests: Author B and C are currently employed by an Independent Faith Safeguarding Charity; author D was previously employed.
: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University School Ethics Committee. DOPECXX30052023; approved: June 2023; expiration date: December 2024.
: A full information sheet was provided at the start of the online questionnaire. Participants gave consent through answering 5 questions.1.1: I have read and understood the information about the study; 1.2: I understand my participation is voluntary; 1.3: I understand I am free to withdraw at any time by closing the survey; 1.4: I understand how my answers will be used; 1.5: I understand that when I have completed the survey, I will be asked to indicate my consent to the inclusion of my responses in the study.
