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Authors
Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo
Alshahrani, Najim Z.
Bafail, Duaa Abdullah
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 24 July 2025
First Online: 23 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: This study is a secondary analysis of Health Survey for England (HSE) 2021 data, so ethical approval was not sought. The original HSE 2021 study received approval from the East Midlands Nottingham 2 Research Ethics Committee (Reference no. 15/EM/0254), ensuring the protection of participants’ rights, safety, and wellbeing.
