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Authors
Thiruchelvam, Kaeshaelya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-1690
Egan, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0854-7444
Hasan, Syed Shahzad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-2215
Byles, Julie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-6877
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Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research was approved under the ALSWH, which has ongoing ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) of the Universities of Newcastle and Queensland (approval numbers H-076-0795 and 2004000224, respectively) on 26 July 1995. The ALSWH also maintains institutional HREC approvals for record linkage (approval numbers H-2011-0371 and 2012000132, respectively). Access to national data collections is approved by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare HREC.
: For the ALSWH survey data, all participants consented to joining the study and are free to withdraw or suspend their participation at any time. For the linked data (PBS), ALSWH participants who explicitly decline health record linkage are excluded from linked data requests. Over 80 percent of all ALSWH participants have explicitly consented to record linkage. Since 2005, the responsible Human Research Ethics Committees have approved opt-out consent; in addition, a waiver applies to unconsented participants who were deceased or lost to follow up before 2005.
