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Authors
Syed Hamzah, Sharifah Nadiah https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7592-4587
Soelar, Shahrul Aiman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1025-8809
Harun, Sabariah Noor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8476-7425
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Sains Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 6 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR ID-23–02805- II8 (IIR)] on 24th October 2023, and the Human Research Ethics Committee USM (HREC) (USM/JEPeM/PP/23100806), Universiti Sains Malaysia, on 22nd March 2024. Simultaneously, a waiver of informed consent was obtained due to the nature of the study.
