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Authors
Jiang, Ruiqi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-1250
Wang, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-9453
Tian, Yue https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-7252
Zhao, Zhigang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-2259
Kuo, Alex
Cao, Mingnan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2326-5170
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Capital Medical University Scientific Research Cultivation Fund (PYZ24133)
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 15 January 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: This study involved a secondary analysis of publicly available de-identified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, accessible through the Global Health Data Exchange ( ). Therefore, institutional review board approval and informed consent were not required in accordance with international ethical guidelines for the use of open-access epidemiological datasets.
