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Authors
Zhang, Qinghua
Zhang, Qi
Wang, Banglong
Shao, Jianfang
Yu, Jing
Man, Jiao
Liu, Xin
Sun, Li
Zheng, Wenjun
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 15 January 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (No. 20240128). As this research was based on a fully anonymized dataset with all patient identifiers removed, the requirement for written informed consent was waived. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for health-related research outlined by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences and World Health Organization (CIOMS/WHO, 2016).
