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Article History

Received: 5 August 2025

Accepted: 16 September 2025

First Online: 10 October 2025

Declarations

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: This study was conducted in concordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center (IRB reference PHX-21-500-419-73-29). Given the retrospective design of the study, the requirement for informed patient consent was waived.

: PAG consulted for SPIWAY and Lazic Instruments. JMS has research support from Ascendis Pharma, Bayer, Camurus, and Sparrow to Washington University and has served as an occasional advisory board member for Xeris and Camurus. GB is a consultant for Cerevasc Inc. and Medexus Inc. JCF-M is a consultant for Medtronic, Stryker and Hotry. VRK is a consultant for Stryker and 3D Matrix. JJVG is a named inventor for intellectual property licensed to Cadence Neuroscience Inc, which is co-owned by Mayo Clinic, investigator for the Medtronic EPAS trial, SLATE trial, and Mayo Clinic Medtronic NIH Public Private Partnership (UH3-NS95495), also with consulting contract, Stock Ownership and Consulting Contract with Neuro-One Inc. MK is a consultant for Altus. WK is a consultant for Monteris Medical. NA is on the advisory board for Xeris, Amryt, Camurus and is a principal investigator on research trials for Amryt, Recordati, and Ascendis Pharma. JES-S, SM, CMS, MB, KCJY, AHK, JJE, WTC, RCR, KCW, CB, GZ, MRC, MPC, TL, AM, IT, TL, and DRP have nothing to declare.