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Article History

Received: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 17 October 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (Dnr: 387 − 15, 6/20/2015).

: All participants provided written informed consent.

: MT has served on advisory board for BD. HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of MicThera (outside submitted work). KJ has served as a consultant and on advisory boards for Abbvie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, Beckman-Coulter, Bio-Arctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Quanterix, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Siemens Healthineers; has served on data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials, and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai, and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. GJ has served as a consultant for Crinetics, Lundbeck, Novo Nordisk and AstraZeneca and received lecture fees from Novo Nordisk and Pfizer.