Updates are available Correction dated 2022-04-30

Article History

Received: 6 May 2021

Accepted: 6 February 2022

First Online: 11 March 2022

Change Date: 30 April 2022

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-022-09799-x

Declarations

:

: No conflicts.

: Study 2 was approved by the Northwestern University IRB (Protocol # STU00210041) and the pardon crime seriousness pre-test was approved by Northwestern University IRB (Protocol #STU00208463). The remaining studies were approved by the University of Illinois IRB (Protocol #2013-0959). The approval was granted through expedited review for UIC and exempt review for Northwestern University. We certify that the studies were performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: All respondents were informed about the purposes of the study, the risks and benefits, confidentiality and privacy. Since the studies were conducted on the internet, signatures were waived and informed consent was obtained through selecting to participate in the survey. Participants were told that they could end their participation at any time and withdraw their data if they so wished.

: The IRB approved consent form either implicitly or explicitly includes consent for publication. In all cases, respondents are told that the researchers are only collecting de-identified data. All data used in the analyses stem from de-identified and aggregated data so there is no way people’s individual responses can be tracked from our analysis or the replication code we provide.