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Authors
Harada, Masataka https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-8555
Kubota, Yuichi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP19K21681)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP20K01464)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP23K17545)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP24K00222)
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Article History
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: The survey used in this paper was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Economics, Fukuoka University, on February 27, 2023.
: The primary data source, “Konzatsu Tokei,” is licensed by ZENRIN DataCom Co., Ltd., and cannot be disclosed in its original format. However, we have obtained special permission to share the weekly aggregated data used in our analysis for replication and research purposes. By using this data along with other unrestricted datasets, all figures and tables in this paper are repro ducible. In addition, the supplementary Twitter (now X) data collected in 2020–2021 cannot be publicly redistributed; we will not release original post text or user iden tifiers. We will share aggregated indicators, (e.g., tweet counts containing specified keywords by region and date) sufficient to reproduce our results.
