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Authors
Liang, Hao https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5853-1689
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22KJ1389)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24K05306)
Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies
Center for the Study of Inequality, Cornell University
East Asia Program, Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2024
Accepted: 10 February 2025
First Online: 18 February 2025
Declarations
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: The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: This study is based on secondary data analysis. No ethical approval is needed.
: All reported results are approved by the Statistics Bureau of Japan and the National Statistics Center of Japan under the Statistics Act of Japan, Article 33.
