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Article History

Received: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

: All procedures performed in this study are reconcilable with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. In line with this declaration, which was amended in 2008, study sample participants were informed about the study purpose.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the ethics committee of the Department of Economics, Lingnan University.

: Consent of the research participants was sought for and confirmed prior to their engagement.

: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest regarding the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.