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Article History

First Online: 12 May 2020

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: The implementation and evaluation of KiVa in the Netherlands has been financed by grants from the Dutch Ministry of Education (Onderwijs Bewijs, ODB10025). Two authors (G.H. and R.V.) coordinated the implementation and evaluation, and are members of the consortium that steers the dissemination. Program dissemination is done by a separate company (). The authors declare that they have no financial interest in KiVa or other conflicts of interest.

: At the time of data collection (2012–2014), observational research using data does not fall within the ambit of the Dutch Act on research on human subjects and does not need approval of an ethics committee.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

: Passive informed consent was obtained from all individual participants and schools included in the study. Information about the study and consent forms were sent to parents prior to intervention implementation and assessment. Parents who did not want their child to participate in the assessment were asked to return the form to the classroom teacher. Students were informed at school about the research and gave oral assent. Both parents and students could withdraw from participation at any time.