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Authors
Singletary, Brittney D. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3553-3802
Ialongo, Nicholas S.
Hung, I-Tzu
Lindsey, Michael A.
Rabinowitz, Jill A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Mental Health (MH038725)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH842968)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH134009)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA009897)
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Article History
Received: 26 July 2025
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
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: The original data collection was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The current follow-up of participants in their mid-40 s is conducted under IRB protocol #IRB00018438. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians for all participants under the age of 18, along with assent from the minors. Upon reaching adulthood, informed consent was re-obtained from all participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This research was conducted prior to the implementation of mandatory clinical trial registration.
