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Authors
Crowley, D.Max https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8956-3456
Wright, Jonathan
Winters, Alex
Jones, Damon
Pugel, Jessica
O’Neill, Patrick
Shaw, Bethany
Hamel, Sarah
Long, Elizabeth
Donovan, Michael
Scott, Taylor
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (5 r01 da056627-02)
Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (5 R01 DA057996)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1 R01 HD116152)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50 HD089922)
Center for Socially Responsible Artificial Intelligence
William T. Grant Foundation (200884)
Pew Charitable Trusts (248648)
National Science Foundation (SES-2420900)
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Article History
Received: 11 March 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 2 May 2026
Declarations
Consent to Participate: Due to the nature of the study, informed consent was completely waived by the Pennsylvania State IRB.
Ethics Approval: Ethics approval was received from the Pennsylvania State University Institutional Review Board. IRB number: STUDY00021641 All research was in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Clinical Trial Registration: NCT06856148 and initial release date 2/19/2025.
