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Authors
Toumbourou, John W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-3762
Osborn, Amber
Varcoe, Jaye
Smith, Rachel
Doery, Elizabeth
Kremer, Peter
Abraham, Charles
Benstead, Michelle
Coomber, Kerri
Rowland, Bosco
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1087781)
Ian Potter Foundation (20170371)
Western Alliance Health Research (November 2014 award)
Deakin University
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Accepted: 25 June 2026
First Online: 6 July 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HEAG-H 2015–141; DUHREC: 2018–269). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of The Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee and the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual study participants.
: The following authors served in the not-for-profit company Communities That Care Ltd that is referenced in this paper: Rowland (current Chief Executive Officer, CEO), Toumbourou (Chair, Director and ex-CEO), and Smith (deputy CEO). Conflict of interest management strategies were approved at Deakin University. Other authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
