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Article History

Received: 11 September 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 8 March 2025

Declarations

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: In compliance with their ethical obligations, the authors declare that this research has been subject to review regarding its compliance with ethical standards at the University of Hamburg and that survey respondents have given their consent to the collection of their data and its use for research purposes. All data is collected anonymously, and no apparent harm is to be expected for participants of this survey. Survey participants were paid between 2USD and 3USD for a survey that takes about five to ten minutes to fill in. Respondents from low and lower-middle income economies, according to the World Bank, received 2USD. Those in upper-middle income economies received 2.50USD. Respondents from high income economies received 3USD. This amounts to an hourly wage of 12 (/24) to 18 (/36) USD, depending on the respondent’s country of residence and their speed.

: The survey has been preregistered at the Center for Open Science (OSF): .

: Replication files for our empirical analysis are available at: .

: The authors have no potential or perceived conflicts of interest arising from this research.