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Article History

Accepted: 3 July 2025

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Stanford University. The research followed all ethical guidelines for conducting research with human participants, ensuring the protection of their rights and well-being throughout the study.

: Informed consent and assent were obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Parents provided written consent for their children to participate, and children provided written assent. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the voluntary nature of participation and the ability to withdraw at any time without penalty. Specific details shared with participants included participation in interviews, audio recordings of relevant conversations, and observational sessions during bar/bat mitzvah preparations and ceremonies.

: The authors declare no competing interests.