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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 2 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest. ChatGPT was used solely to improve the language and readability of this manuscript. The authors reviewed and edited the final manuscript to ensure accuracy and integrity.

: The research methodology, including participant recruitment and data collection via online surveys, was reviewed by the Research Committee of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. In accordance with institutional and national ethical guidelines, formal ethical approval was deemed unnecessary, as the study did not involve any vulnerable groups, sensitive topics, or invasive methods. The research complied with established academic ethical standards, ensuring participants’ anonymity, voluntary consent, and confidentiality throughout the process. All data handling practices adhered to the Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010.