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Authors
Li, Juan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8710-4854
Zhu, Yuhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-2812
Qiu, Zhenliang
Jeffrey, Ricky https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-7410
He, Zhuang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-8544
Wu, Di https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-7011
Li, Ranran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-4240
Zhu, Gaopei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-9336
Kaman, Anne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-6229
Erhart, Michael
Shi, Fuyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-8335
Wang, Suzhen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-529X
Ravens-Sieberer, Ulrike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2031-095X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (MOE-PRC)—National Scholarship for Ph.D. Candidate (BSY202008879)
the Research Initiation Grants Project of Binzhou Medical University (50012304507)
the “2023 Annual Higher Education Scientific Research Planning Project” of the China Association of Higher Education (23WYJ0406)
the Educational Information Technology Research Project of Anhui Province (AH2024072)
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Article History
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 18 September 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Medical Ethics Committee of Weifang Medical University (now known as Shandong Second Medical University) approved the study protocol (Ethics Approval No. 2022YX-50) on May 31, 2022. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants and their parent(s) or guardian(s) included in the study. The collection and transfer of data were carried out according to strict security and data encryption.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
