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Authors
Joshi, Mrinmayee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-4103
Pickard, A. Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-7091
Kim, Kibum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8676-7434
Sharp, Lisa K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-9042
Gerber, Ben S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-6396
Touchette, Daniel R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1972-8934
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK108141, R01DK108141)
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 27 September 2025
Declarations
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: Ms. Joshi, Dr. Sharp and Dr. Gerber report no conflicts of interest. Dr. Pickard has received funding from the EuroQol Group and consulting income from Second City Outcomes Research and Maths in Health unrelated to the topic of this manuscript. Drs. Kim and Touchette, through the University of Illinois Chicago, received funding from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review. Dr. Kim has received consulting income from Renalytix. Dr. Touchette has received consulting income from AstraZeneca, eMax Health, Horizon Therapeutics, and Monument Analytics.
: This is an observational study and utilizes deidentified data from a previously conducted clinical trial that was approved by the University of Illinois Chicago Institutional Review Board (#2016-0380, initially effective date: 5/18/2016). All participants provided written informed consent.
