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Authors
Lee, Kayoung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-554X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the 2025 Inje University Busan Paik Hospital Research Grant
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study used publicly available, de-identified data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). The survey protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (IRB number: 2018-01-03–4 C-A; 2022-11-16-R-A). Because this analysis used only de-identified secondary data, additional ethical approval was not required.
: All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation in KNHANES.
