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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72404205)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72174142)
Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality (23JCQNJC01650)
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
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: No conflicts of interest were reported by the authors.
: The NHSS was approved by the National Bureau of Statistics of China and conducted under the supervision of the National Health Commission. The study protocol for this secondary analysis was reviewed and approved by the Academic Ethics Committee at Tianjin University (No. THUE-2021–168).
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
