Li, Tongxing
Zhang, Zhehao
Ma, Rongrong
Chu, Huaying
Qian, Yu
Xia, Jinhong
Li, Ping
Wang, Zhenghan
Zou, Tianen
Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The SHARE protocol between the first and fourth waves was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Mannheim. In 2021, the Ethics Council of the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy (Germany) approved the fourth and consecutive waves of the SHARE project, and all participants informed consent. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: All authors contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.